To determine whether a cause-and-effect conclusion about the relationship between two variables in an experiment has been reached, the most relevant element from your options is random selection of participants.
Random selection helps ensure that the sample is representative of the population, reduces bias, and allows for causal inferences to be more confidently made. This is essential for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship because it helps ensure that the observed effects in the experiment are truly due to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other confounding factors.
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