Which of the following critiques the argument that the Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the birth of Indian nationalism

Question

India is a pluralistic society and rarely was unified as a geographic region during its history
India saw a wide variety of responses to the rebellion including some groups allying with the British
The rebellion was violent, but later resistance to the British was focused on nonviolent resistance
People from a diverse set of backgrounds joined the rebellion and sought to place the Mughal emperor back on the throne

Answer 1

The critique that most directly challenges the argument that the Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the birth of Indian nationalism is:

India saw a wide variety of responses to the rebellion including some groups allying with the British.

This critique suggests that the rebellion did not unite all Indians against colonial rule or foster a singular sense of nationalism; rather, different groups had varying interests and some even collaborated with the British, indicating a lack of cohesive national identity that would define later nationalist movements.