The distinguishing features in the English language that are absent in Spanish among the options provided are capital and lowercase letters.
Spanish also uses capital and lowercase letters, so that option is not correct.
As for consonants and vowels, both English and Spanish have both types of sounds, so that option is also incorrect.
Finally, long and short sounds are a feature that is more distinctly recognized in English, whereas in Spanish, vowels have a more consistent, fixed pronunciation with no distinction between long and short sounds.
Thus, the correct distinguishing feature specific to English in the context you provided is long and short sounds.