Which of the following are expected in response to left ventricular failure? Select all that apply.

Increased anti-diuretic hormone
Decreased heart rate
Decreased sodium and water reabsorption
Increased angiotensin II
Increased urine output

1 answer

In response to left ventricular failure, the following are expected:

  1. Increased anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - This is due to the body's attempt to retain water to increase blood volume and counteract the decreased cardiac output.

  2. Increased angiotensin II - Left ventricular failure leads to reduced renal perfusion and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), resulting in increased levels of angiotensin II.

The other options are not expected in response to left ventricular failure:

  • Decreased heart rate - Typically, heart rate may increase as the body tries to compensate for reduced cardiac output.

  • Decreased sodium and water reabsorption - In left ventricular failure, sodium and water reabsorption is usually increased to help maintain blood volume.

  • Increased urine output - Left ventricular failure typically leads to decreased urine output due to fluid retention mechanisms.

So, the correct responses are:

  • Increased anti-diuretic hormone
  • Increased angiotensin II