In response to left ventricular failure, the following are expected:
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Increased anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - This is due to the body's attempt to retain water to increase blood volume and counteract the decreased cardiac output.
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Increased angiotensin II - Left ventricular failure leads to reduced renal perfusion and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), resulting in increased levels of angiotensin II.
The other options are not expected in response to left ventricular failure:
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Decreased heart rate - Typically, heart rate may increase as the body tries to compensate for reduced cardiac output.
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Decreased sodium and water reabsorption - In left ventricular failure, sodium and water reabsorption is usually increased to help maintain blood volume.
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Increased urine output - Left ventricular failure typically leads to decreased urine output due to fluid retention mechanisms.
So, the correct responses are:
- Increased anti-diuretic hormone
- Increased angiotensin II