Among the options you've provided, the following are examples of increased centralization of powers:
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The Commerce Clause: This clause grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Native American tribes. It has been interpreted broadly to allow for increased federal authority over various economic activities, thus centralizing power in the federal government.
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The Incorporation Doctrine: This legal doctrine uses the 14th Amendment to extend the protections of the Bill of Rights to apply at the state level. This has led to increased centralization of powers as it limits the states' ability to make laws that infringe on individual rights guaranteed by the federal government.
The other options do not support increased centralization:
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The Comity Clause (often referred to in the context of the Full Faith and Credit Clause) promotes cooperation and respect among states but does not inherently centralize power in the federal government.
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The Nullification Doctrine is a political theory that suggests states have the right to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional. This concept is associated with an argument for decentralization rather than an increase in federal power.
So, to summarize, the examples of increased centralization of powers are 1. the Commerce Clause and 3. the Incorporation Doctrine.