All of the above are considered up-front costs of renting. These costs typically include:
- Security Deposit: A sum of money required to cover potential damages or unpaid rent.
- Application Fees: Fees charged to process a rental application, which may include background checks or credit checks.
- Pet Fees: Additional fees associated with having pets in the rental property, which can cover any potential damages or additional cleaning.
- First/Last Month's Rent: Often required by landlords to cover the rent for the first month of occupancy and sometimes the last month as well.
Therefore, the answer is All of the above.