According to Earl Babbie in his work on social research methodologies, the fundamental undertakings of social research typically include the following:
- a. Hypothesis testing
- b. Experimentation
- c. Data analysis
- d. Theorisation
While triangulation (e) is an important method in research for ensuring validity and reliability by combining multiple methodologies or perspectives, it is not categorized as one of the fundamental undertakings in Babbie's framework. Therefore, the primary undertakings according to Babbie would be a, b, c, and d.