The backward effects of left-sided heart failure primarily affect the lungs and can lead to various symptoms related to fluid buildup in the pulmonary circulation. The signs and symptoms associated with the backward effects of left-side heart failure that you can select are:
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Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing while lying flat, which is often relieved by sitting up.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: Sudden shortness of breath during the night that usually awakens the patient from sleep.
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Pulmonary crackles: Abnormal lung sounds resulting from fluid in the alveoli.
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Pulmonary edema: Accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and other respiratory symptoms.
Headache and memory loss are not typically associated with the backward effects of left-side heart failure; they can be related to other conditions or systemic effects but are not direct symptoms of left-sided heart failure.
Therefore, the correct selections are:
- Orthopnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Pulmonary crackles
- Pulmonary edema