The observation that refuted the plum pudding model was B. alpha particle deflection.
In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, alpha particles were directed at a thin sheet of gold. While most particles passed through with little or no deflection, a small number were deflected at large angles. This was surprising and indicated that there was a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom, leading to the rejection of the plum pudding model, which proposed that electrons were distributed evenly throughout a positively charged "soup."
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