Ezra and Nehemiah were active in the 5th century BCE, specifically around the mid-400s BCE. Among the philosophers listed:
- Socrates was active in the same period, as he lived from about 470 BCE to 399 BCE.
- Plutarch lived much later, in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE.
- Plotinus was also much later, active in the 3rd century CE.
- Epicurus lived from 341 BCE to 270 BCE, which places him in an overlapping but earlier timeframe than Ezra and Nehemiah.
Therefore, the philosopher likely active at the time Ezra and Nehemiah were teaching and leading Jerusalem is Socrates.