All of the mentioned factors are important for the initial formation of galaxies according to the theories of galaxy evolution. However, if we had to choose one factor that is essential for the initial formation of galaxies, it would be the massive gas and dust clouds collapsing.
According to the widely accepted theory of galaxy formation known as the hierarchical model, galaxies form through the gradual and slow collapse of massive gas and dust clouds under the influence of gravity. As these clouds collapse, their material begins to condense and concentrate in certain regions, forming dense clumps.
These clumps then continue to attract more gas and dust through gravitational forces, causing further collapse and fragmentation. Over time, smaller clumps merge together due to their gravitational attraction, gradually forming larger and more massive clumps.
Therefore, the initial formation of galaxies is primarily driven by the collapse of massive gas and dust clouds, which leads to the accumulation of material necessary for the subsequent stages of galaxy evolution. The force of orbiting stars generating collisions and gravity acting on existing material are important factors in the later stages of galaxy evolution, helping to shape and structure galaxies once they have already formed.
which factor is essential to the initial formation of galaxies, for either of the theories describing galaxy evolution
the force of orbiting stars generates collisions
massive gas and dust clouds collapse
small lumps of material merge into larger clumps
gravity acts on existing material, shaping it into a new form
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