To identify the types of mutations labeled a, b, c, and d in your diagram, I would need more context or a description of each mutation shown in the diagram. Common types of mutations include:
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Point mutation: A change in a single nucleotide.
- Silent mutation: No change in the amino acid sequence.
- Missense mutation: Change in one amino acid.
- Nonsense mutation: Change that creates a stop codon.
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Insertion: Addition of one or more nucleotides.
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Deletion: Removal of one or more nucleotides.
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Frameshift mutation: Insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame of the sequence.
Please provide a description or specific details about each labeled mutation (a, b, c, d) so that I can identify them correctly.