Extreme poverty and economic disparity in Southeast Asia can be attributed to a combination of factors, but among the options you provided, the following two are particularly significant:
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Scarcity of natural resources to support farming and industry: While some Southeast Asian countries are rich in natural resources, others face challenges in terms of land fertility, water availability, and access to essential materials for industry. This scarcity can limit agricultural productivity and industrial development, contributing to poverty.
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Competition among workers for too few jobs and low wages: Many countries in Southeast Asia experience high population growth and urban migration, leading to a surplus of labor in certain sectors. This competition can drive down wages, create underemployment, and exacerbate poverty levels as people struggle to find stable and well-paying jobs.
The other options—lack of interest in trade and commercial partnerships, and isolationism—are less relevant to the region, which has generally been active in trade and has engaged with global markets. Furthermore, while some countries may experience varying levels of technological exposure, the broader context of economic cooperation and globalization has facilitated technological advancements throughout the region.