Which condition enabled the virtual enslavement of Asian Americans in the late 19th century? A. segregation under the separate but equal doctrine. B. inability to apply the 13th amendment in certain states. C. distinctions between the rights of citizens and non-citizens. D. refusal of the government to protect Asian Americans from their employers.

Answer 1

The correct answer is C. distinctions between the rights of citizens and non-citizens.

In the late 19th century, Asian Americans, particularly those from countries like China, faced significant legal and social discrimination. Many of them were denied U.S. citizenship due to restrictive immigration laws and societal attitudes, which made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. This lack of citizenship rights contributed to their "virtual enslavement" as they were often denied basic legal protections and subjected to harsh labor conditions without recourse.