All of the options provided can help readers define words in different ways, but they serve distinct purposes.
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Pronunciations can help understand how to say the word correctly.
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Parts of speech indicate how the word functions in a sentence, which can aid in comprehension and definition.
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Stressed syllables provide insight into the pronunciation and rhythm of the word, but are less directly related to the definition.
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Etymological patterns help explain the origin and historical development of the word, which can provide deeper insight into its meaning.
If you are looking specifically for the most relevant option to help readers define words, parts of speech is the best choice, as it directly informs how the word can be used.