- Industrial agriculture typically requires the lowest input of labor and energy compared to the other systems listed. This is because industrial agriculture relies heavily on mechanization, large-scale operations, and the use of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, which allows for higher efficiency and productivity with comparatively less manual labor.
In contrast:
- Intensive farming often requires significant labor and energy inputs to maximize output per unit of land.
- Genetically modified crops can potentially reduce the need for labor and inputs over time, but the development and implementation phases require considerable effort and resources.
- Nomadic pastoralism involves a relatively high degree of labor and energy in terms of movement and management of livestock.
Therefore, the correct answer is industrial agriculture.