During the so-called "Dark Ages," which roughly spans from the 5th to the 10th century, significant scientific advancements were made in various regions, including:
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China: Chinese scholars were making substantial advancements in various fields such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and technology. Innovations like gunpowder, papermaking, and advancements in agricultural techniques occurred during this period.
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Europe: While the early part of the Dark Ages is often characterized by a decline in scientific inquiry, the later medieval period, particularly from the 11th century onward, saw a resurgence of learning, especially with the establishment of universities and the translation of classical texts. Important developments in philosophy, alchemy, and early physics were emerging.
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South America: Indigenous civilizations, such as the Maya and the Incas, were making progress in fields like mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture, although they were less connected to the broader scientific developments happening in Europe and Asia.
North America, during this period, was home to various indigenous cultures that had their own forms of knowledge and advancements, particularly in agriculture and engineering, but it is often less recognized in the context of the "Dark Ages" compared to the other regions mentioned.
In summary, while advancements were happening in all these regions, China and Europe are particularly noted for their contributions during the Dark Ages.