Commas are used in various situations in English writing. Here are key cases for comma usage:
-
To Separate Items in a List: Commas are used to separate three or more items in a series. For example: "I bought apples, oranges, and bananas." (Note that in American English, the final comma before 'and' — known as the Oxford comma — is optional, while in British English, it is less commonly used.)
-
To Show a Pause in a Sentence: Commas can indicate a natural pause in a sentence to improve readability. For example: "After dinner, we went for a walk."
-
To Indicate an Abrupt Break in Thought or Structure: Commas can also indicate a shift or interruption in a sentence, as in: "I was going to the store, but then I remembered I forgot my wallet."
-
To Set Off Non-Essential Clauses and Phrases: Commas are used to enclose additional information that is not essential to the main point of the sentence. For instance: "The book, which I read last week, was fascinating."
-
Before Coordinating Conjunctions: Commas are typically placed before coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when they connect two independent clauses. For example: "I wanted to go for a run, but it started to rain."
-
After Introductory Elements: Use a comma after introductory words, phrases, or clauses, such as: "Having finished the project, I felt a sense of relief."
-
In Addressing Someone Directly: Commas are used when directly addressing someone: "Can you help me with this, Sarah?"
-
In Dates and Addresses: Commas separate elements in dates (e.g., "March 5, 2022") and addresses (e.g., "123 Main St, Springfield, IL").
Commas are not used to mark the end of a sentence; instead, periods, question marks, or exclamation points fulfill that function.
Overall, the main uses of commas revolve around clarity, separation of ideas, and proper sentence structure.