Question 1: How did the islands of the Galapagos archipelago form geologically?
The Galapagos Islands were primarily formed by volcanic activity, resulting from the Galapagos hotspot beneath the Nazca Plate. As the tectonic plate moves over this stationary hotspot, magma rises to the surface, creating new islands in a process known as seafloor spreading. Over millions of years, lava flows have built up and shaped these islands, contributing to their diverse landscapes. The oldest islands, such as Espanola, are over 4 million years old, while newer islands, like Fernandina, are still being formed. This geological activity is ongoing, and the volcanic nature of the islands is an essential factor in shaping their unique ecosystems.
Question 2: Identify hydrological elements (strong ocean currents, etc.) you might encounter in the Galapagos and what effect they would have on the aquatic environment.
The Galapagos Islands are influenced by several strong ocean currents, notably the Humboldt Current, which brings cold, nutrient-rich waters from the south. This current stimulates primary productivity by supporting a variety of marine life, including phytoplankton, which forms the base of the food web. Additionally, the Equatorial Counter Current flows between the Galapagos and mainland South America, further mixing waters and enhancing biodiversity. These currents also affect sea temperatures, influencing the behavior and migratory patterns of marine species. Overall, the interplay of these currents contributes to the unique and vibrant marine ecosystems surrounding the islands.
Question 3: Identify how the upwelling of the currents plays a role in the nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen, water, and nutrients) and how it relates to the plethora of life in the water around the islands.
Upwelling along the Galapagos coast occurs when winds drive surface waters away, allowing deep, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface. This upwelling is vital for nutrient cycling, supplying essential elements like nitrogen and phosphorus, which promote the growth of marine phytoplankton. The abundance of phytoplankton supports a diverse array of species, from small fish to larger predators like sea lions and sharks. Consequently, the nutrient richness also supports the carbon cycle by facilitating carbon fixation through photosynthesis. Overall, the continuous upwelling allows for a highly productive marine ecosystem teeming with life.
Question 4: Identify key features on the different islands of the Galapagos archipelago as they relate to atmospheric conditions. Are they all the same?
The Galapagos Islands exhibit diverse atmospheric conditions due to their varying topography and elevation, resulting in microclimates across the archipelago. For instance, islands like Santa Cruz have inland highlands that capture moisture-laden winds, creating lush vegetation, while lower coastal areas may be much drier. Weather patterns are influenced by temperature variations between ocean currents, with cooler currents promoting less humidity and distinct fog zones on the higher elevations. Areas within the Galapagos can experience significant changes in temperature and rainfall between seasons, further differentiating them climatically. These varied atmospheric conditions contribute to the islands' unique ecosystems and the species diversity found across them.