To determine which mutations can be passed on to offspring, we need to differentiate between germline and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the reproductive cells (gametes) and can be passed on to offspring, whereas somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and are not passed to the next generation.
Let's analyze the options you provided:
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Silent mutation in the genes of the pancreas cells that code insulin.
- Type: Somatic mutation.
- Passed to offspring? No, because it occurs in non-reproductive cells.
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Insertion mutation in a gamete that deactivates a gene for hair color.
- Type: Germline mutation (occurs in a gamete).
- Passed to offspring? Yes, it can be passed to offspring.
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Chromosomal deletion that affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen.
- Type: This could be a germline mutation if it occurs in a reproductive cell or somatic mutation if it occurs in a somatic cell. The wording doesn't specify, but if it occurred in a parent’s gamete, then it would be passed on.
- Passed to offspring? Yes, if it is a germline mutation.
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Substitution error that takes place in a somatic cell that causes skin cancer.
- Type: Somatic mutation.
- Passed to offspring? No, it cannot be passed to the next generation.
Based on this analysis:
- If the chromosomal deletion in option 3 occurs in a germline cell, it would be passed on to offspring.
- Therefore, the correct answer is that option 2 is definitely inheritable, and option 3 could be if it were in a germline context.
So, the best answer regarding your original question is 2 (the insertion mutation in a gamete) is guaranteed to be passed on to offspring.
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