Leaders like W.E.B. DuBois, James Weldon Johnson, A. Phillip Randolph, and Marcus Garvey could point to the following specific examples of progress in the 1920s:
1. The Harlem Renaissance: This cultural movement in Harlem, New York, highlighted the achievements of African-American artists, writers, musicians, and intellectuals. It showcased the talent and creativity of African Americans, challenging racial stereotypes and demonstrating their artistic and intellectual contributions.
2. NAACP's Legal Victories: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), led by W.E.B. DuBois and James Weldon Johnson, successfully fought against racial segregation and discrimination through legal means. They achieved significant victories, such as the Supreme Court case of Moore v. Dempsey (1923), which established the right to a fair trial for African Americans.
3. Formation of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: A. Phillip Randolph, as the founder of this labor union, played a crucial role in improving the working conditions and rights of African-American porters working for the Pullman Company, a major train service provider. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters successfully negotiated the first-ever labor agreement between a black union and a major U.S. corporation.
4. Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Marcus Garvey founded the UNIA, which aimed to promote black pride, economic self-sufficiency, and Pan-Africanism. Through his Black Star Line shipping company, Garvey aimed to unite and uplift African people globally. Although the venture eventually failed, it provided a sense of empowerment and unity for many African Americans during the 1920s.
While these examples represent progress made by these leaders, it is important to note that progress was limited and ongoing racial injustices persisted in various aspects of American society during this time.
What specific examples of progress could leaders like W.E.B. DuBois, James Weldon Johnson, A. Phillip Randolph and Marcus Garvey point to in the twenties?
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