The scientist whose research showed that cells did not arise spontaneously is Rudolf Virchow. His famous phrase "Omnis cellula e cellula" means "all cells come from cells." Virchow's work built upon the ideas of others, and there was controversy regarding the development of cell theory, particularly related to the contributions of others like Robert Remak, whose work on cell division was not fully recognized in his time and was often overshadowed.
So the answer you are looking for is d. Virchow.