The process that brings heat from the lower mantle toward the crust is known as mantle convection. This is a slow, churning movement of the mantle materials caused by the heat from the Earth's core and the lower mantle.
In mantle convection, hot, less dense material in the lower mantle rises towards the upper mantle and the crust, while cooler, denser material sinks back down. This movement creates convective currents that transport heat. The heat from the mantle can affect geological processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges.
Additionally, conduction can also play a role in the transfer of heat, especially in the crust, where heat can be transferred through solid rock by direct contact. However, mantle convection is the primary mechanism for transferring heat from the lower mantle to the regions closer to the surface.
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