All of the options listed can contribute to underrepresentation of certain voting populations, but the most direct factors are:
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States decide where polling locations will be and what languages voting material is printed in. - This can lead to logistical challenges and disenfranchisement of non-English-speaking populations.
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States put heavy voter ID restrictions on all voters. - These restrictions can disproportionately affect marginalized groups who may not possess the required forms of ID.
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States are allowed to decide who can vote. - This can lead to voter suppression, particularly of certain groups that may be targeted based on race, socioeconomic status, or other factors.
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States can deny mail-in ballot options for specific voting populations. - This can particularly affect populations that may have difficulty traveling to polling places, such as the elderly or those with disabilities.
Each of these points can indeed contribute to underrepresentation, but the first two likely have the most immediate and prevalent effects.
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