What led to the Scramble for Africa?

Question

Multiple European powers wanted African territory to create new ports along Asian trade routes.
European imperial governments sought revenge for the Umayyad invasion of Spain.
Colonial powers in Europe scoured Africa in search of gold left by ancient civilizations.
New inventions and an economic slump in Europe led to the division of Africa for raw materials and new markets.
D?

Answer 1

Yes, D.