What is the process by which elements form?

Question

In the stars, fusion mainly. On Earth, radioactive decay.

For further reading:

http://www.longman.co.uk/tt_secsci/resources/scimon/hoyle/hoyle.htm

BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS WAS THE FIRST PROCESS OF ELEMENT FORMATION

Can some help The foot of a mountian is a an elevation of 1000 meter ablove sea level. the temperture thire is 15C. If the Temperature at an elevation of 3000 meters is only 5C what is eviromental lapse rate?