what is the gap of foreign policy of menelik at the 1889-93

Answer 1

The foreign policy of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1893 was characterized by a significant shift in Ethiopia's approach to dealing with foreign powers, particularly European colonial powers. During this period, Menelik sought to modernize and strengthen Ethiopia in the face of increasing encroachment from European powers.

One of the notable aspects of Menelik's foreign policy during this period was his meticulous efforts to negotiate treaties with several European countries. In 1889, Menelik signed the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy, which aimed to establish reciprocal diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, a translation discrepancy within the treaty regarding Ethiopia's sovereignty over Eritrea resulted in the Treaty of Wuchale becoming a major point of contention that would later lead to the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

In addition to the treaty with Italy, Menelik signed several other agreements with European powers during this time, including treaties with Britain and France. These treaties were aimed at ensuring the territorial integrity and independence of Ethiopia, and at bolstering the country's ability to resist colonial ambitions.

Menelik's foreign policy also involved efforts to modernize Ethiopia and establish diplomatic relations with other African states. He looked to forge alliances with fellow African countries, particularly those facing similar colonization threats, such as Sudan and Egypt. Menelik recognized the importance of unity among African nations to counter colonial ambitions.

Overall, Menelik's foreign policy from 1889 to 1893 was focused on safeguarding Ethiopia's sovereignty and territorial integrity in the face of European colonial powers. His diplomatic efforts aimed to prevent Ethiopia from being colonized and to maintain its status as one of the few independent African nations during the "Scramble for Africa" era.