Active voice is defined as a grammatical structure in which the subject performs the action named by the verb. In sentences written in the active voice, the subject comes before the verb and is the doer of the action, making the sentence more direct and vigorous.
For example, in the active voice, one might say, "The cat chased the mouse." Here, "the cat" (the subject) is performing the action of chasing.
To clarify the other concepts you've mentioned:
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Describing events currently taking place refers more to the present tense rather than specifically to active or passive voice.
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A type of sentence that conveys strong emotion or excitement is often associated with exclamatory sentences, but that is separate from the concept of active versus passive voice.
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A type of word that refers to physical or mental actions is typically referred to as a verb. Verbs are essential in forming sentences in both active and passive voice.
In summary, active voice focuses on the subject doing the action, while the other points refer to different aspects of sentence structure and vocabulary.