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Active Listening
Active listening is when you fully concentrate, understand, respond, and remember what the speaker is saying, rather than just passively hearing their words.
Claim
A claim is an assertion or statement that expresses a position or argument, often requiring support or evidence to justify it.
Counterclaim
A counterclaim is an argument that opposes a previously stated claim, presenting an alternative viewpoint or opposing evidence.
Evidence
The facts, documentation, or testimony used to strengthen a claim are called evidence.
Verbal Clues
Verbal clues include tone of voice, word choice, and the structure of sentences that indicate how the speaker feels or what they mean.
Non-verbal Cues
Non-verbal cues include body language, facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact that convey messages without words.
Discussions are about thoughtful exchange instead of winning arguments. Discussion participants will hopefully reach a mutual understanding.
Collegial Discussions
Collegial discussions are usually collaborative and respectful.
Questions in a collegial discussion should relate to a shared topic of interest or relevance.
Empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, allowing for more meaningful communication.
Open-ended Questions
Open-ended questions require respondents to provide more than a simple yes or no answer; they encourage elaboration and discussion.
Example of an Open-ended Question
"What are your thoughts on the impact of climate change in our community?"
Justifying a Claim
To justify a claim means to provide reasoning, evidence, or explanation to support that claim and show why it is valid.
Diverse Perspectives
Diverse perspectives refer to the different viewpoints, experiences, and beliefs that individuals bring to a discussion or argument.
Disagreement gives us a chance to clarify ideas where we may have been unclear.
Verify Your Viewpoints
To verify your viewpoints means to check and confirm the accuracy, reliability, and validity of your arguments or beliefs.
Preparing for a Speech
Before giving a speech, you should have a clear outline and know your audience.
Rhetorical Strategies
Rhetorical strategies are techniques used in writing and speaking to persuade or inform an audience, which may include ethos, pathos, and logos.
Fallacious
Fallacious means based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning, often leading to invalid arguments.
Three Models of Persuasion
The three models of persuasion are:
- Logos (appeals to logic)
- Ethos (appeals to ethics)
- Pathos (appeals to emotion)
Models of Persuasion
- Logos appeals to logic.
- Ethos appeals to ethics.
- Pathos appeals to emotion.
Difference of Opinions
A difference of opinions or diverse perspectives are unavoidable because people have different experiences, cultures, and beliefs about issues.
Disagreement and Conversation
Disagreement is essential for good conversation because it encourages critical thinking, fosters understanding, and leads to richer dialogue.
In a Collegial Discussion
In a collegial discussion, a variety of ideas, opinions, and experiences are bound to be presented.
Divergent Perspectives
By exposing ourselves to divergent perspectives, we start to make new connections.
Bibliography
A bibliography is a list of sources used in research, providing details about each source for proper referencing.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, or expressions without proper attribution, presenting them as your own.
Implication of Originality
By NOT crediting your sources, you are implying that you came up with everything on your own.
Academic Integrity
Schools expect you to maintain your honesty and your integrity.
Consequences of Plagiarism
Schools have their own Academic Integrity policies, but it is not uncommon for a school to penalize students who plagiarize.
Teachers’ Expectations
Teachers want to know what you think, not just what others have said.
Citing Sources
Always mention (cite your source) when you take an idea or quotation from somewhere.
Examples of Plagiarism
Buying a paper, having someone write a paper for you, or copying and pasting entire passages without crediting the source are all examples of plagiarism.
Word Switch Plagiarism
Word switch plagiarism involves changing a few words in a sentence but keeping the original structure and ideas intact, making it still recognizable as someone else's work.
Patchwork or Style Plagiarism
Patchwork or style plagiarism occurs when a writer takes bits and pieces from multiple sources and combines them into a new work without appropriate attribution, creating an unoriginal piece.
Idea Plagiarism
Idea plagiarism involves taking someone else’s unique ideas or concepts and presenting them as your own without giving credit.
Common Knowledge
Common knowledge refers to information that is widely known and undisputed, which does not require citation.
Example of Common Knowledge
Examples of common knowledge include historical facts, widely recognized scientific facts (like the Earth orbits the Sun), and universally accepted cultural references.
Self Plagiarism
Self-plagiarism occurs when an individual recycles their previous work, presenting it as new and original without proper acknowledgment.
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