A sedimentary rock is best described by option A: "a type of rock that is formed over long periods of time by layers of silt building up on the floor of a body of water."
Sedimentary rocks are typically formed from the accumulation and compression of mineral and organic particles, which can occur in various environments, including oceans, lakes, and riverbeds. Options B, C, and D refer to metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks, and volcanic rocks, respectively.