It seems there are four different types of figures of speech described in your question. Here’s a breakdown of each:
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Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things by saying one thing is the other (e.g., "Time is a thief").
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Oxymoron: A figure of speech created by placing two words with conflicting meanings next to each other to create an effect (e.g., "bittersweet").
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Euphemism: A figure of speech that substitutes a milder or more agreeable phrase in place of one that might be harsh or unpleasant (e.g., "passed away" instead of "died").
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Simile: A figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things using the words "like" or "as" (e.g., "Her smile was like the sun").
Each of these figures of speech serves a different purpose in language and writing, enhancing expression and creativity.