A human tooth is made up of several layers, each composed of different materials:
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Enamel: The outermost layer of a tooth, enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a crystalline structure of calcium phosphate. Enamel protects the tooth from decay and physical damage.
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Dentin: Beneath the enamel is dentin, which makes up the bulk of the tooth. Dentin is less hard than enamel and is composed of mineralized tissue, primarily hydroxyapatite and a protein matrix, primarily collagen. Dentin contains microscopic tubules that can transmit sensations.
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Pulp: At the center of the tooth is the pulp, which contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The pulp provides nourishment to the tooth and is critical for its health.
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Cementum: This is a bone-like substance that covers the root of the tooth, helping to anchor it in the jawbone. Cementum is also part of the periodontal ligament, which connects the tooth to the surrounding bone.
Together, these components contribute to the overall structure, strength, and function of a human tooth.