The factor that most significantly helped spread nationalistic feelings throughout Europe in the early 1800s was the conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's military campaigns and the spread of French revolutionary ideals promoted a sense of nationalism in various regions of Europe. His conquests reshaped borders, spread the ideas of liberty and equality, and often dismantled old feudal structures, which in turn encouraged nationalistic movements as people began to seek self-determination and national unity in their own territories.
The other options mentioned, while significant in their own contexts, had a lesser direct impact on the rise of nationalist sentiment during that specific time frame.
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