After the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was primarily Islamic societies in places like Syria, Persia, and regions in West Africa (such as Mali) that became notable centers of knowledge. These societies preserved and advanced many aspects of classical knowledge, including philosophy, science, mathematics, and medicine. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire also played a crucial role in maintaining and transmitting knowledge through institutions such as universities and libraries. Therefore, the key responses would be:
- Byzantium developed institutions of knowledge, such as universities and libraries.
- Islamic societies in places like Syria, Persia, and what is now the country of Mali became centers of knowledge.