A scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory serve different roles in the scientific method and knowledge-building process. Here are the key distinctions:
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Definition:
- Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or explanation about a phenomenon or relationships between variables. It is often formulated based on preliminary observations and provides a basis for experimentation.
- Theory: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and has withstood extensive testing and validation. It integrates and generalizes many hypotheses that have been supported through experimentation and observation.
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Scope:
- Hypothesis: Typically narrower in scope, focusing on predicting the outcome of a specific study or experiment.
- Theory: Broader in scope and can encompass multiple hypotheses, explaining a wide range of phenomena across different contexts.
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Testing:
- Hypothesis: Designed to be tested through experimentation and observation. The test results can either support or refute the hypothesis.
- Theory: Has already undergone extensive testing. While theories can be challenged and refined as new evidence emerges, they are generally accepted as valid frameworks for understanding phenomena.
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Establishment:
- Hypothesis: Proposed based on observations, prior knowledge, or preliminary data.
- Theory: Developed after extensive research, experimentation, and validation through peer review and replication of results.
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Examples:
- Hypothesis: "If plants receive more sunlight, then they will grow taller."
- Theory: "The theory of evolution explains how species change over time through natural selection, supported by a wide range of evidence from various scientific disciplines."
In summary, a hypothesis is a starting point for investigation, while a theory is a comprehensive explanation supported by a significant amount of evidence.