HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are crucial for fighting off infections. If untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the most severe phase of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely weakened, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
Causes of HIV Infection
HIV is primarily transmitted through specific behaviors and contact with certain bodily fluids. The main modes of transmission include:
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Unprotected Sexual Contact: Engaging in anal, vaginal, or oral sex without the use of condoms with someone who is HIV positive can result in transmission.
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Sharing Needles: Sharing injection equipment, such as needles or syringes, with someone who is HIV positive can transmit the virus.
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Mother-to-Child Transmission: An HIV-positive mother can transmit the virus to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, or breastfeeding.
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Blood Transfusions: Receiving blood products or organ transplants from an HIV-positive donor can transmit the virus (though this is now rare in developed countries due to rigorous screening).
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Exposure to Contaminated Blood: Accidental exposure to HIV-infected blood, such as through a healthcare worker’s needle stick injury, can also lead to infection.
Prevention
Preventive measures include:
- Using condoms during sexual activities.
- Getting tested and knowing your partner's HIV status.
- Taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) if at high risk for HIV.
- Avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.
- Providing proper medical care for pregnant women living with HIV to minimize the risk of transmission to their children.
While there is currently no cure for HIV, it can be effectively managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps lower the viral load to undetectable levels and enables individuals with HIV to live healthy lives and reduces the risk of transmission.
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