Moore's Law, which observes that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, faces several limitations. Here are explanations related to the options you've provided:
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RAM has limited storage: While RAM does have limited capacity, it's not directly a limitation of Moore's Law itself, which primarily focuses on transistor density and performance improvements in chips.
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Chip has limited size: This is true. As chips become smaller, there are physical limits to how small transistors can be made due to the atomic scale effects and quantum tunneling. There will eventually be a size limit where making chips or transistors smaller will become impractical.
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CPU can't achieve unlimited frequency forever: This is also a significant factor. While historically CPUs have increased in clock speed, there are physical limits to how fast processors can operate due to power consumption, heat generation, and electrical signals' delay. Beyond a certain frequency, the benefits in performance diminish significantly.
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Overheating may burn the chip: This is closely related to the previous point. As transistors switch on and off at higher frequencies, they generate more heat. Chip design must balance performance (speed) and thermal management, meaning overheating is a critical consideration that limits performance.
In conclusion, the most pertinent limitations of Moore's Law from the provided options would be:
- Chip has limited size
- CPU can't achieve unlimited frequency forever
- Overheating may burn the chip
These factors highlight the physical and practical barriers that affect the continuation of Moore's Law into the future.