The Indian subcontinent is characterized by major geographic features such as the Himalayan mountain range to the north, which includes some of the world's highest peaks, and the fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain that stretches across northern India. Additionally, the Thar Desert lies to the west, while the Western and Eastern Ghats flank the coasts, providing a diverse range of ecosystems.
The climate of the Indian subcontinent varies significantly, with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate in most regions, featuring a wet season from June to September and a dry season for the rest of the year. The northern areas experience a more temperate climate with cold winters, while southern and coastal regions have consistent warmth and humidity year-round.