Left ventricular failure can be caused by a variety of factors. From the options you've provided, the following are relevant causes of left ventricular failure:
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Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle: This can lead to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), as the heart becomes less able to relax and fill properly.
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Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle: Impaired relaxation contributes to diastolic dysfunction, which is common in heart failure.
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Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle: This is a key characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), where the heart cannot effectively pump blood forward.
The other options do not typically contribute directly to left ventricular failure:
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Increased pressure within the venous system: This can be a consequence of left ventricular failure rather than a cause.
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Decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow: This is also not a direct cause of left ventricular failure.
So, the correct answers are:
- Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle
- Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle
- Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle