Diabetes is a complex chronic condition influenced by a variety of environmental and socio-economic factors. Here are some key factors:
Environmental Factors
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Urbanization: Increased urbanization has been associated with lifestyle changes, such as decreased physical activity and increased consumption of processed foods, which can contribute to obesity and diabetes.
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Access to Healthy Foods: Food deserts, areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, can lead to dietary imbalances and increase the risk of diabetes.
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Physical Environment: Access to recreational spaces, walkability of neighborhoods, and availability of public transportation can influence physical activity levels, impacting diabetes risk.
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Pollution and Chemical Exposure: Exposure to environmental pollutants, such as endocrine disruptors, has been linked to increased risk of metabolic disorders, including diabetes.
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Climate Change: Changes in climate can affect food production and availability, which may alter diets in ways that increase diabetes risk.
Socio-Economic Factors
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Income Level: Higher income levels are generally associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Financial resources impact access to healthcare, healthier food options, and opportunities for physical activity.
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Education: Education level is a key determinant of health literacy, which affects one's ability to make informed health choices, manage diabetes effectively, and navigate the healthcare system.
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Health Insurance Access: Lack of health insurance or inadequate insurance can limit access to preventive care, diabetes management programs, and necessary medications.
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Employment Status: Unemployment or insecure employment can lead to stress and reduced access to health resources, increasing diabetes risk.
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Cultural Factors: Cultural beliefs and practices can influence diet, physical activity, and perceptions of health, which in turn can impact diabetes prevalence.
References
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International Diabetes Federation (IDF). (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edition. Available at: www.diabetesatlas.org
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McGowan, J., & Muir, L. (2019). Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes: An Overview. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 43(5), 282-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.09.013
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Lillioja, S., & Mottaghy, F. M. (2019). Interaction of Environmental Factors with Genetic Susceptibility in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 42(5), 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-0298
These factors highlight the multifaceted nature of diabetes, indicating that both individual choices and broader societal conditions play significant roles in the development and management of the condition.