If a cell passes through interphase too quickly without properly addressing the checkpoints, several issues can arise:
-
DNA Damage Accumulation: During the S phase, the cell replicates its DNA. If this process is rushed and DNA damage exists (e.g., from exposure to radiation or chemicals), the cell may replicate damaged DNA, leading to mutations. If these mutations occur in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes), it can promote uncontrolled cell division.
-
Incomplete DNA Replication: If the cell progresses to mitosis before all its DNA is fully and accurately replicated, it can lead to incomplete or incorrect genetic material in the daughter cells. This can affect cellular functions and viability.
-
Failure to Repair Mechanisms: The G1 and G2 checkpoints serve as critical points where the cell assesses whether it has the necessary resources and whether its DNA is intact. A rapid progression might bypass these repair mechanisms, meaning any existing issues remain unresolved.
-
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Skipping checkpoints can lead to improper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. This can result in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) in the daughter cells, which can disrupt normal cellular function and contribute to tumorigenesis.
-
Mitotic Catastrophe: If the cell enters mitosis with unresolved DNA damage or incorrect chromosome structure, it may undergo mitotic catastrophe, leading to cell death or senescence.
-
Impact on Cell Functionality: The rapid passing through interphase could also impact the cell's ability to produce necessary proteins and organelles, as the synthesis and growth phases may not have been fully optimized. This can lead to deficiencies in cellular functions.
-
Increased Tumorigenesis Risk: Overall, the combination of mutations, DNA damage, and chromosomal instability can contribute to the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one, increasing the risk of tumor development.
In summary, bypassing the checkpoints in interphase can lead to various problems that compromise the integrity of the cell's genetic material and overall function, potentially resulting in serious consequences such as cancer.