Use the periodic table to answer the question.

Question

Based on patterns in the periodic table, which list shows the acids in order from strongest to weakest?
Responses

HCl, PH3, H2S

PH3, H2S, HCl

HCl, H2S, PH3

H2S, PH3, HCl

Answer 1

To determine the order of acids from strongest to weakest based on the periodic table and general acid strength principles, we consider the following:

1. HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water.
2. H2S (Hydrosulfuric acid) is a weak acid. It partially dissociates in solution.
3. PH3 (Phosphine) is not considered an acid in the traditional sense; it is a neutral molecule and has very weak acidic properties.

Based on this analysis, the strongest acid is HCl, followed by H2S, with PH3 being the weakest or essentially neutral.

Therefore, the correct order from strongest to weakest is:

HCl, H2S, PH3.

So the correct response is:

HCl, H2S, PH3.

Answer 2

A small amount of sodium hydroxide is added to water. When the chemical reaction reaches equilibrium, the pH is 12. Which statement and conclusion about sodium hydroxide is correct?
Responses

The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 12. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 2. Sodium hydroxide is a strong acid.

The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 2. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 12. Sodium hydroxide is a strong acid.

Answer 3

To determine the correct statement and conclusion about sodium hydroxide when a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium with a pH of 12, let's analyze the situation step-by-step:

1. Understanding pH and pOH:

   • The pH of a solution is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration \([H^+]\).
   • The relationship between pH and pOH in pure water at 25°C is given by the equation: \[ \text{pH} + \text{pOH} = 14 \]

2. Calculate the pOH:

   • Given that the pH is 12: \[ \text{pOH} = 14 - \text{pH} = 14 - 12 = 2 \]

3. Determine the concentration of OH–:

   • The concentration of hydroxide ions \([OH^-]\) can be found using the pOH: \[ \text{pOH} = -\log[OH^-] \]
   • Since pOH is 2: \[ 2 = -\log[OH^-] \] \[ [OH^-] = 10^{-2} \text{ M} = 0.01 \text{ M} \]

4. Conclusion about Sodium Hydroxide:

   • Sodium hydroxide \((NaOH)\) is a strong base that completely dissociates in solution to yield hydroxide ions. The presence of hydroxide ions leads to a higher pH.
   • Therefore, sodium hydroxide is confirmed as a strong base.

Now, looking at the provided options:

1. The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 12. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
2. The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 2. Sodium hydroxide is a strong acid.
3. The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 2. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
4. The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 12. Sodium hydroxide is a strong acid.

The correct response is:

The negative log of the concentration of OH– ions is 2. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

Answer 4

Ammonia is a weak base. Potassium hydroxide is a strong base. Which statement is correct?
Responses:

A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have a lower pH than a solution of ammonia.

A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have a lesser concentration of solute than a solution of ammonia.

A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have lesser conductivity than a solution of ammonia.

A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have more OH– ions than a solution of ammonia.

Answer 5

To determine the correct statement among the provided options regarding ammonia (a weak base) and potassium hydroxide (a strong base), let's analyze each statement:

1. A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have a lower pH than a solution of ammonia.

   • This statement is incorrect. Potassium hydroxide is a strong base and will dissociate completely in solution, resulting in a much higher pH compared to a solution of ammonia, which is a weak base and only partially dissociates.

2. A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have a lesser concentration of solute than a solution of ammonia.

   • This statement is also incorrect. The concentration of the solute depends on how the solutions are prepared. There is no inherent reason why the concentration of potassium hydroxide must be lower than that of ammonia.

3. A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have lesser conductivity than a solution of ammonia.

   • This statement is incorrect as well. The conductivity of a solution is related to the number of ions it can produce. Potassium hydroxide, being a strong base that fully dissociates into potassium ions (K⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻), will generally have higher conductivity than ammonia, which is a weak base and produces fewer ions.

4. A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have more OH– ions than a solution of ammonia.

   • This statement is correct. Because potassium hydroxide is a strong base, it completely dissociates, producing more hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution compared to ammonia, which only produces a limited amount of OH⁻ due to its weak base nature.

Based on the analysis, the correct statement is:

A solution of potassium hydroxide will always have more OH– ions than a solution of ammonia.

Answer 6

If only an element’s atomic number and weight are provided, what other atomic information can be determined for a neutral atom?(1 point)
Responses:

only the valence electrons

only the number of protons and electrons

only the number of protons and neutrons

the number of protons, electrons and neutrons

Answer 7

For a neutral atom, the atomic number and atomic weight (or atomic mass) provide sufficient information to determine several atomic properties:

1. Atomic Number: The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom. Since the atom is neutral, the number of electrons is also equal to the number of protons.

2. Atomic Weight: The atomic weight (or atomic mass) of an element is approximately equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. By knowing the atomic weight and the atomic number, you can calculate the number of neutrons.

The calculations would be as follows:

• Number of protons = atomic number
• Number of electrons = atomic number (for a neutral atom)
• Number of neutrons = atomic weight (rounded to the nearest whole number) - atomic number

Given this information, the most comprehensive answer regarding what atomic information can be determined for a neutral atom using the atomic number and atomic weight is:

the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Answer 8

What quality differentiates hydrogen (H) from the other elements in group 1, the alkali metals?
Responses:

It is found by itself in nature.

It has more than one valence electron.

It is a non-metal.

It is not very reactive.

Answer 9

The quality that differentiates hydrogen (H) from the other elements in group 1, the alkali metals, is:

It is a non-metal.

Here's why this is the correct response:

• Hydrogen is a non-metal: Unlike the alkali metals (such as lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.), which are all metals, hydrogen is classified as a non-metal. This leads to significant differences in their chemical and physical properties.

The other responses are not accurate reasons for differentiating hydrogen from alkali metals:

• It is found by itself in nature: While hydrogen can exist diatomically (as H₂), it is not unique in this as other alkali metals can also be found in nature in various forms (though they are often found as compounds due to their reactivity).

• It has more than one valence electron: Hydrogen has only one valence electron, just like alkali metals.

• It is not very reactive: Hydrogen can be reactive, especially with oxygen to form water, and its reactivity can vary under different conditions. Alkali metals are also highly reactive but primarily with water and halogens.

Thus, the key distinguishing factor of hydrogen in comparison to the alkali metals is that it is a non-metal.

Answer 10

You plan to pass alpha particles through a field that contains a consistent type of particle. Which configuration will result in the largest deflection of alpha particles?
Responses:

high-energy alpha particles passing through a field of high mass-number-particles

high-energy alpha particles passing through a field of low mass-number-particles

low-energy alpha particles passing through a field of low mass-number-particles

low-energy alpha particles passing through a field of high mass-number-particles

Answer 11

To determine which configuration will result in the largest deflection of alpha particles, we need to consider several factors:

1. Energy of Alpha Particles: Generally, lower-energy alpha particles experience more significant deflections due to stronger interactions with the target particles. Higher-energy particles can traverse the field with less interaction.

2. Mass Number of Target Particles: Lower mass-number particles will have a higher probability of deflecting alpha particles relative to their mass. The lighter the particles in the field, the more significant the deflection can be, given the same energy conditions. In contrast, high mass-number particles will be more massive and thus less affected by the impacts, resulting in less deflection of incident alpha particles.

Given these considerations, the configuration that will result in the largest deflection of alpha particles is:

low-energy alpha particles passing through a field of low mass-number particles.

This scenario maximizes the interaction effect, allowing for more significant deflections compared to the other configurations listed.