The type of context clue that helped determine the words' meanings in the examples provided are:
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For "conveyances": Examples (the mention of "cars, buses, and trains" gives clues about what conveyances are).
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For "vanquish": Contrast (the sentence indicates that although the duke hoped to vanquish the enemy, they instead conquered his army, showing the opposite outcome).
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For "herpetologist": Definition (the sentence gives a context that involves herpetologists studying reptiles, providing a clear definition of what they do).