Here’s a brief study guide covering each of the topics you've listed related to United States history:
14. The Pullman Strike
- Overview: The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a nationwide railroad strike that started at the Pullman Company in Chicago when workers protested wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing.
- Key Events: The strike escalated into a major conflict when federal troops were sent to break it up, leading to many clashes and deaths.
- Outcome: The strike ended in failure for the workers, highlighted issues related to labor rights, and led to increased government intervention in labor disputes.
15. Push Factors for Immigration
- Definition: Push factors are conditions that drive people to leave their country of origin.
- Examples: Economic hardship, political instability, persecution, and lack of opportunities in home countries drove many individuals to seek a new life in the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
16. Immigration Act of 1882
- Overview: This was the first federal law that placed restrictions on immigration, particularly targeting specific groups deemed undesirable.
- Provisions: It included a tax on immigrants, barred "contract labor" (workers recruited overseas), and excluded certain classes (such as the "lunatics" and "idiots").
17. Nativism
- Definition: Nativism is a policy favoring the interests of native-born or established inhabitants over those of immigrants.
- Context: It often manifested in political movements and sentiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to discrimination against immigrant groups, especially the Irish, Italians, and Eastern European Jews.
18. Ethnic Neighborhoods in Late 1880s Cities
- Description: Many immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods, forming communities that preserved their cultural identities.
- Examples: In cities like New York, areas such as Little Italy and Chinatown became centers for immigrants, allowing them to maintain cultural traditions while adapting to American society.
19. Tenements
- Definition: Tenements were overcrowded, urban apartment buildings designed to house as many residents as possible, often under poor living conditions.
- Conditions: They typically lacked basic sanitation, were poorly constructed, and were notorious for their high rates of disease and crime.
20. Gospel of Wealth
- Concept: Coined by Andrew Carnegie in the late 19th century, this philosophy argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to use their money to benefit society.
- Implications: It encouraged philanthropy and established universities, libraries, and other civic institutions, promoting the idea that wealth should be redistributed through charitable efforts.
21. Political Machines (graft)
- Definition: Political machines were organized groups that controlled political parties in cities and used both legal and illegal means to maintain power, including bribery and patronage.
- Graft: Refers to the unethical acquisition of funds or advantages through political connections, often involving corruption.
22. Social Gospel Movement
- Overview: A religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to apply Christian ethics to social problems such as poverty, inequality, and labor issues.
- Impact: Influenced various reforms, including labor laws, civil rights, and social welfare efforts, emphasizing that faith must lead to action.
23. Civil Rights Act of 1876 Ruling
- Overview: The Civil Rights Act of 1875 aimed to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations and jury service.
- Ruling: In 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the Act unconstitutional, stating that the Fourteenth Amendment did not allow Congress to regulate private acts of discrimination, leading to increased segregation and disenfranchisement.
24. Poll Taxes
- Definition: Poll taxes were fees charged to voters, primarily aimed at disenfranchising African Americans and poor white voters in the southern states.
- Legislation: They became a tool to bypass the Fifteenth Amendment, contributing to systemic disenfranchisement until their use was abolished by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.
25. Booker T. Washington
- Overview: Washington was an influential African American educator, author, and leader who founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
- Philosophy: He advocated for vocational education for African Americans and believed in gradually achieving civil rights through economic self-reliance and hard work rather than through immediate political activism.
This guide provides a foundational understanding of each topic which will help you in your studies of United States history.