Unit 6 DNA Review/ Unit 6 Lesson 11 Sample Work

Question

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You should be familiar with the following key terms for this unit.

amino acids thymine adenine cytosine Cystic fibrosis deletion phenotype genotype DNA codon

Punnett squares mutations rRNA mRNA tRNA genome ribosome recessive allele bacteria virus
viral peptide bond polypeptide bond dominant allele Hemophilia HIV virus homozygous heterozygous Mendelian Inheritance patterns

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You do NOT have to define the terms above in your Sample Work, but you should be familiar with them.
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PLEASE COMPLETE AND CORRECT THE SAMPLE WORK BEFORE YOU TAKE THE TEST
If you could put your answers in bold or in another color, that would be super helpful for us when we grade these.
Describe the results from the following base mutations; substitution, insertion, and deletion. Lesson4 Page3
What must the DNA do as the first step in protein synthesis?Lesson3 Page3, Review the flowchart in Lesson3 Page8
What do amino acids create and how many kinds of amino acids are there in the human body?Lesson3 Page3
What type of mutation results in cystic fibrosis? Lesson4 Page3
What benefit does using the CRISPR technique have in creating GMOs?Lesson8 Page2
What are Punnett squares? You need to understand how to use a Punnett square and interpret data from them. Lesson6 Page2 & 3 & 9
Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not? Lesson4 page 3
How are new viruses made? Lesson10 Page2 & pg 9
What is a provirus and how does it affect the host cell’s DNA?Lesson10 page 9
Why is the common cold virus difficult to cure in humans? Lesson10 Page14
In 2-3 complete sentences compare and contrast the traits of viruses and bacteria and explain whether a virus is considered a living thing. Lesson10 Page2 & 4, Question 1 L10 pg 6

In 2-3 sentences summarize why Hemophilia, a hereditary bleeding disorder, typically affects males more than females. Lesson3 Page9

Answer 1

Unit 6 Lesson 11 Sample Work

1. Describe the results from the following base mutations; substitution, insertion, and deletion.

   • Substitution: In this mutation, one base is replaced by another. This can lead to a change in a single amino acid in a protein, potentially altering its function. However, some substitutions may be silent and not affect the protein at all.
   • Insertion: This mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide bases are added to the DNA sequence. This can lead to a frameshift, shifting the reading frame of the codons and potentially resulting in a completely different and usually dysfunctional protein.
   • Deletion: In this mutation, one or more nucleotide bases are removed from the DNA sequence. Similar to insertion, deletions can cause a frameshift, potentially resulting in a nonfunctional protein due to the altered sequence.

2. What must the DNA do as the first step in protein synthesis?

   • The first step in protein synthesis is transcription, where DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA.

3. What do amino acids create and how many kinds of amino acids are there in the human body?

   • Amino acids create proteins, and there are 20 different kinds of amino acids in the human body.

4. What type of mutation results in cystic fibrosis?

   • Cystic fibrosis results from a deletion mutation, specifically the deletion of three nucleotides that leads to the loss of the amino acid phenylalanine in the CFTR protein.

5. What benefit does using the CRISPR technique have in creating GMOs?

   • The CRISPR technique allows for precise editing of DNA, enabling scientists to introduce specific traits to GMOs, improve crop resistance, and enhance nutritional content more efficiently than traditional genetic modification methods.

6. What are Punnett squares? You need to understand how to use a Punnett square and interpret data from them.

   • Punnett squares are a graphical representation used to predict the genotypes of offspring from a cross between two individuals. They show the likelihood of different genotypes and phenotypes based on the parental alleles involved.

7. Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not?

   • No, not all mutations are harmful. Some mutations can be beneficial, leading to advantageous traits that enhance survival, while others may be neutral and not significantly affect an organism.

8. How are new viruses made?

   • New viruses are made when a virus infects a host cell, hijacking the cell's machinery to replicate its own genetic material and produce viral proteins, which then assemble into new viral particles.

9. What is a provirus and how does it affect the host cell’s DNA?

   • A provirus is a viral genomic DNA that has integrated into the host cell’s DNA. This integration allows the virus to replicate together with the host’s DNA during cell division and can lead to the production of new viruses.

10. Why is the common cold virus difficult to cure in humans?

    • The common cold virus is difficult to cure because it is caused by many different viruses, primarily rhinoviruses, and it can mutate rapidly, making it challenging for the immune system to mount an effective and lasting response.

11. In 2-3 complete sentences compare and contrast the traits of viruses and bacteria and explain whether a virus is considered a living thing.

    • Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, cannot reproduce on their own, and require a host cell to replicate, while bacteria are single-celled organisms that can reproduce independently. Viruses lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, leading many scientists to classify them as non-living entities, whereas bacteria are considered living organisms.

12. In 2-3 sentences summarize why Hemophilia, a hereditary bleeding disorder, typically affects males more than females.

    • Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, meaning that the gene responsible for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome, so if they inherit the hemophilia gene, they will express the disorder, while females, with two X chromosomes, would require two copies of the gene to be affected, making it less common in females.

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