Under the Electronic Signature in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000, electronic signatures can be verified by all of the following EXCEPT:

Question

a. by a secret password known by the signing party (signatory)
b. by a digitally encoded smart card belonging to the signatory
c. by the use of a device the electronically recognizes fingerprints or parts of theeye
d. by the use of a notary public to check digital identifying information