1. London dispersion forces: These are the weakest intermolecular forces and result from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules. These forces exist between all atoms and molecules.
2. Dipole-dipole interactions: These intermolecular forces occur when polar molecules with permanent dipoles interact with each other. The positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.
3. Hydrogen bonding: This is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule.
4. Ion-dipole interactions: These intermolecular forces occur between an ion and a polar molecule. The positive or negative charge of the ion is attracted to the partial charges on the polar molecule.
5. Van der Waals interactions: These include both London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions. They play a role in interactions between nonpolar molecules and polar molecules.
Types of intermolecular forces
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