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• Three factors affect enzyme activity:

– _____________________________________
• Enzymes from different organisms tend to work best at different optimum temperatures.
– ____________________
• The pH of a solution describes how________________ or ____________ the solution is.
• Most enzymes function in a very narrow pH range, which varies depending on the
enzyme and its job.
– _______________________________
• The more substrate molecules available, the ____________ the reaction rate, until
saturation.
Nucleic Acids
• The information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next-
____________________________- is stored in nucleic acids
• Made of C,H,O,N, and _____
• Nucleic acids are assembled from individual units called ______________________________________
• 2 Most important nucleic acids
o DNA (_________________________________________________________)
o RNA (_________________________________________________________)
• The genetic information is stored in ___________________.
• It is _________________________ into RNA, and then __________________________ used to direct
the production of ___________________________________!
• Sketch (make a simple drawing) or write a description of the three parts of a nucleotide:
• In living things ________________________ is stored in a molecule of
____________________________________________________________.
• Energy is ________________________________in chemical bonds between phosphates
• Energy is _______________________when the bond is ______________ and one phosphate is released
• ________________________________________________ is produced when the phosphate is released
• Sketch or write a description of the STEPS of the ATP/ADP Cycle:

1 answer

Enzyme Activity Factors

  1. Concentration of substrate and enzyme: The number of substrate and enzyme molecules available can greatly influence how quickly the reaction occurs.
  2. Temperature: Enzymes from different organisms have varying optimum temperatures; some may work best at higher temperatures while others function better at lower ones.
  3. pH level: The pH of a solution describes how acidic or basic the solution is.

Enzyme Activity and Substrate Concentration

  • Most enzymes function in a very narrow pH range, which varies depending on the enzyme and its job.
  • The more substrate molecules available, the faster the reaction rate, until saturation (when all active sites of the enzyme are occupied).

Nucleic Acids

  • The information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next is genetic information.
  • Nucleic acids are made of C, H, O, N, and phosphorus.
  • Nucleic acids are assembled from individual units called nucleotides.

Two Most Important Nucleic Acids

  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
  • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Plays several roles in the synthesis of proteins, including serving as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA.

Genetic Information

  • The genetic information is stored in the sequence of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
  • It is transcribed into RNA, and then translated to direct the production of proteins!

Parts of a Nucleotide

  1. Phosphate Group: A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
  2. Sugar: Either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA).
  3. Nitrogenous Base: One of four types in DNA (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) or in RNA (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine).

Energy in Living Things

  • In living things, energy is stored in a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • Energy is stored in chemical bonds between phosphates.
  • Energy is released when the bond is broken and one phosphate is released.
  • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is produced when the phosphate is released.

ATP/ADP Cycle Steps

  1. ATP Formation: ADP combines with a phosphate group, using energy from food or sunlight to reform ATP.
  2. Energy Release: When ATP is used for energy, it loses a phosphate group and converts back to ADP.
  3. Cycle Repeats: ADP can then be reused in the ATP cycle as it is recharged back into ATP.

This cycle interconverts ATP and ADP, allowing cells to efficiently manage their energy needs for various biological processes.