1. Menelik's military reforms, which included the introduction of modern weapons and the reorganization of the army into a more effective fighting force.
2. Menelik's diplomatic efforts, which included forging alliances with other Ethiopian rulers and negotiating with European powers.
3. Menelik's economic reforms, which included the introduction of a currency system and the development of infrastructure such as roads and bridges.
Three events facilitated the success of menelik expansion as king of shoa
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