These ferns may be the first plants known to work together as ants do

Question

In this article, the author discusses a discovery made by Kevin Burns about staghorn ferns. Kevin Burns is a biologist, meaning that he studies living things.
A mass of strange ferns embraces a trunk high among the treetops. They look like a giant tangle of floppy, green antlers. Below their fork-shaped fronds and closer into the core of this lush knot of greenery are brown, disc-shaped plants. These, too, are ferns. They are even the same species. Together these individuals form a society, a type of society that has only ever been observed in animals, especially bees, termites, and ants. Staghorn ferns — and possibly other plants — appear to work together, each taking on different tasks that together aid their society.

Kevin Burns is a biologist at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. He first became familiar with the ferns while working on Lord Howe, an isolated island between Australia and New Zealand. He took notes on local island epiphytes (EP-ih-fytes) — plants that grow on other plants — and one species caught his eye: the staghorn fern. The staghorn fern (Platycerium bifurcatum) is native to parts of mainland Australia and Indonesia, too.

“I realized,” Burns recalls, these ferns “never occur alone.” Some of the larger clusters were massive. They contained hundreds of individuals, and Burns soon realized “each one of those individuals was doing a different thing.”

He likens the fern colonies to an upside-down umbrella. Some with long, green, waxy “strap” fronds appeared to direct rainwater to the center of the clump. There, spongey, disc-shaped, brown “nest” fronds absorbed this moisture.

The whole community reminded Burns of a termite mound, which houses a shared store of resources. Inside it, various members of the termite colony perform different tasks.

Scientists call such cooperative groups eusocial (Yu-SOH-shul). Overlapping generations live together in castes,1 with each performing different roles. Among eusocial animals, some workers might be responsible for finding food, while others might be nurses or caregivers.

Eusocial has been used to describe certain societies of insects and crustaceans, along with two species of mole rats. Burns wondered if ferns, too, might be eusocial.

His team’s data now indicate they are. These ferns appear to form a complex society made up of interdependent groups.

Truly eusocial? Let me count the ways
Ferns reproduce via spores, which form on the underside of leaf-like fronds. Some four in every 10 fronds of the studied communities of staghorn ferns could not reproduce and mostly served as nests for others. However, another fern with strap fronds could develop fertile spores. This suggests a division of labor between fronds that do and don’t form nests.

Tests also revealed that nest fronds sop up more water than strap fronds do. Earlier studies conducted by other scientists had found networks of roots running throughout the colony. Using them, nest fronds can share their water, slaking the thirst of neighboring strap fronds.

Burns and his coworkers also analyzed the genes in 10 staghorn colonies on Lord Howe Island. Eight hosted genetically identical individuals, while only two colonies contained individuals whose genetics differed. Such a high degree of genetic relatedness is seen in colonies of eusocial insects. In ants and bees, for instance, many sisters contribute to the survival of their home nest.

Burns thinks the staghorns’ newfound traits fulfill many of the requirements needed to support a claim that they, too, are eusocial.

Looking at epiphytes as eusocial is “really cool,” says Michelle Spicer, an ecologist at the University of Puget Sound in Washington.

To Burns, the division of labor to build shared resources “appears to be a key feature that sets staghorn [ferns] apart from other colonial plants.” A stressful life in the treetops — far from the soil — may have helped the ferns develop eusocial traits, Burns says. The society these plants create allows all members to share scarce supplies of water and nutrients. Spicer points out, however, that a sharing of water and nutrients also occurs among other epiphytes.

The new study makes a compelling case that staghorn ferns are eusocial, says Brian Whyte. “The epiphyte lifestyle certainly facilitates2 group living,” he adds. “And group living is where all social stories start.” Whyte is a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley.

Whyte is fascinated by how staghorns form colonies in the wild, where members perform different, individual tasks. However, he notes, when grown in soil as ornamental plants, these ferns don’t need a community. They now form individual strap fronds. Such variability is not typical of eusocial species, he says.

Burns says he’s really excited to have found something in the wild that unexpectedly turns out to be “comparable to some of the coolest, most advanced societies in the living world.” And regardless of how eusocial these ferns are, they still have intriguing similarities and differences from caste-forming animals, he adds.
Why does Burns liken staghorn ferns to termites?

A. Termites and staghorn occupy the same habitat.

B. Termites are eusocial like he suspects staghorn ferns to be.

C. Termites and staghorn ferns have yet to be proven to be eusocial.

D. Termites rely on staghorn ferns for their nutrients.

Answer 1

B. Termites are eusocial like he suspects staghorn ferns to be.

Answer 2

Which quotation from the article provides the best evidence that staghorn ferns are most likely eusocial?

A. "A mass of strange ferns embraces a trunk high among the treetops. They look like a giant tangle of floppy, green antlers." (Paragraph 1)

B. "Eusocial has been used to describe certain societies of insects and crustaceans, along with two species of mole rats." (Paragraph 7)

C. "These ferns appear to form a complex society made up of interdependent groups." (Paragraph 8)

D. "Ferns reproduce via spores, which form on the underside of leaf-like fronds." (Paragraph 9)

Answer 3

C. "These ferns appear to form a complex society made up of interdependent groups." (Paragraph 8)

Answer 4

What are TWO ways nest fronds differ from strap fronds?

A. They grow bigger than strap fronds.

B. They need less water than strap fronds.

C. They have shorter lives than strap fonds.

D. They absorb more water than strap fronds.

E. They need more nutrients than strap fronds.

F. They are less likely to reproduce than strap fronds.

Answer 5

D. They absorb more water than strap fronds.

F. They are less likely to reproduce than strap fronds.

Answer 6

What does "slaking" mean in paragraph 10?

A. circulating

B. prompting

C. quenching

D. sustaining

Answer 7

C. quenching

Answer 8

Which of the following best describes Burns' point of view on staghorn ferns?

A. More evidence is needed to prove that staghorn ferns form communities.

B. More research is needed to explain why staghorn ferns form communities.

C. The proof that staghorn ferns are eusocial suggests that other fern species are as well.

D. The evidence that suggests staghorn ferns are eusocial is exciting.

Answer 9

D. The evidence that suggests staghorn ferns are eusocial is exciting.

Answer 10

Which quotation from the passage explains why staghorn ferns likely share resources?

A. "He likens the fern colonies to an upside-down umbrella. Some with long, green, waxy 'strap' fronds appeared to direct rainwater to the center of the clump." (Paragraph 4)

B. "Earlier studies conducted by other scientists had found networks of roots running throughout the colony." (Paragraph 10)

C. "The society these plants create allows all members to share scarce supplies of water and nutrients." (Paragraph 14)

D. "'The epiphyte lifestyle certainly facilitates group living,' he adds. 'And group living is where all social stories start.'" (Paragraph 15)

Answer 11

C. "The society these plants create allows all members to share scarce supplies of water and nutrients." (Paragraph 14)